Historical Cost dan Fair Value dalam Pelaporan Keuangan: Telaah Konseptual atas Relevansi Informasi bagi Pengguna Laporan Keuangan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59261/jbt.v7i3.672Keywords:
Fair Value, Historical Cost, Relevansi InformasiAbstract
Latar Belakang: Pergeseran dari historical cost ke fair value berdasarkan IFRS memperkuat perdebatan mengenai basis pengukuran yang paling tepat bagi pengguna, namun bukti terdahulu masih beragam dan trade-off antara relevansi dan reliabilitas belum sepenuhnya terselesaikan, khususnya untuk aset baru seperti crypto assets.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan telaah konseptual mengenai perbandingan penggunaan historical cost dan fair value dalam pelaporan keuangan serta relevansinya bagi pengguna laporan keuangan.
Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif melalui studi pustaka, dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa penelusuran literatur dari artikel ilmiah, buku, dan dokumen standar akuntansi yang relevan, serta dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis tematik melalui tahapan identifikasi, reduksi, dan interpretasi data secara induktif.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fair value memiliki keunggulan dalam meningkatkan relevansi informasi karena mencerminkan kondisi pasar terkini, sementara historical cost lebih unggul dalam aspek reliabilitas karena bersifat objektif dan dapat diverifikasi. Namun, penggunaan fair value juga menghadapi tantangan berupa subjektivitas, volatilitas, dan potensi manipulasi, terutama pada pengukuran berbasis estimasi. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa tidak terdapat satu basis pengukuran yang secara absolut lebih unggul, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan kombinasi atau hybrid untuk mencapai keseimbangan antara relevansi dan reliabilitas.
Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam memperkaya literatur akuntansi mengenai kualitas pelaporan keuangan serta memberikan implikasi praktis bagi pembuat standar, praktisi, dan pengguna laporan keuangan dalam memilih metode pengukuran yang tepat. Secara teoretis, penelitian ini mengembangkan kerangka kerja relevansi–keandalan yang mendukung pendekatan pengukuran hibrida; secara praktis, penelitian ini memberikan panduan bagi pembuat standar dan auditor untuk mewujudkan pengungkapan dan tata kelola yang lebih kuat.
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