Communication, Work Experience, Service Speed, and Patient Satisfaction at PTPN VIII Subang Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59261/bustechno.v7i5.836Keywords:
Medical Staff Communication, Medical Staff Work Experience, Service Speed, Patient SatisfactionAbstract
Background: Medical staff communication and work experience are critical factors driving service speed, which directly impacts patient satisfaction at PTPN VIII Subang Hospital. Clear communication and clinical experience allow personnel to deliver efficient, accurate care.
Objective: To analyze the effects of medical staff communication and work experience on service speed and patient satisfaction, while evaluating the mediating role of service speed.
Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study surveyed 125 purposively sampled patients across inpatient, outpatient, and emergency units at PTPN VIII Subang Hospital. Data collected via questionnaires were analyzed using path analysis and the Sobel test for mediation.
Results: Communication significantly increased service speed ( ), as did work experience ( ). Service speed significantly enhanced patient satisfaction ( ). Furthermore, service speed successfully mediated the indirect effects of both communication and work experience on patient satisfaction.
Conclusion: Hospital management can boost patient satisfaction by improving medical staff communication skills and leveraging work experience, thereby optimizing service speed.
References
Agarwal, R., & Dhingra, S. (2023). Factors influencing cloud service quality and their relationship with customer satisfaction and loyalty. Heliyon, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15177
Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Ball, J., Bruyneel, L., Rafferty, A. M., & Griffiths, P. (2018). Patient satisfaction with hospital care and nurses in England: An observational study. BMJ Open, 8(1), e019189. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019189
Alfauzain, A., Srimayarti, B. N., Wijayanto, T., Aini, R., Aulia, M., Putra, D. M., Putra, H. N., Wisandra, A., & Azizi, S. N. (2024). Edukasi Dan Simulasi Pengujian Sistem Aplikasi Customer Care Penanganan Keluhan Elektronik Untuk Meningkatkan Layanan Di Rumah Sakit Mutiara Bunda Padang. Community Engagement and Emergence Journal (CEEJ), 5(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.37385/ceej.v5i1.3996
Almunawar, M. N., & Anshari, M. (2012). Improving Customer Service in Healthcare with CRM 2.0.
Alvien, S. H., Abdul, G., & Dian, L. (2024). The Influence of Marketing Communication and Service Quality on Customer Decisions at BJB Syariah KCP Sumber Cirebon. El-Qish: Journal of Islamic Economics, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.33830/elqish.v4i1.8019.2024
Alves-Nogueira, A. C., Góis, A. C., Pereira, M., Canavarro, M. C., Melo, C., & Carona, C. (2024). The Associations Between Physician-Patient Communication and Adjustment Outcomes of Patients and Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Correlations. Health Communication, 39(9), 1781–1794. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2243043
Amelia, A., Sembiring, A. W., Azzahra, N., Tanjung, L. A., & Aswaruddin, A. (2025). The Interpersonal Communication Process. TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.61445/tofedu.v4i2.426
Andi, M. A., & Arham, A. H. (2024). Implementasi Model Manajemen Kasus dalam Meningkatkan Koordinasi Perawatan Pasien di Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Borneo Cendekia, 8(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.54411/jbc.v8i1.532
Arshad, M., Sriram, S., Khan, S., Gollapalli, P. K., & Albadrani, M. (2024). Mediating role of physician’s empathy between physician’s communication and patient’s satisfaction. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 13(4), 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1615_23
Asamrew, N., Endris, A. A., & Tadesse, M. (2020). Level of Patient Satisfaction with Inpatient Services and Its Determinants: A Study of a Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020, 2473469. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2473469
Aslinda, & Siraj, M. L. (2024). Total Quality Management in Improving Health Services. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 14(1), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.26858/jiap.v14i1.63004
Asti, R. D., Dalimunthe, N. R., Putra, A. A. S., Rangkuty, M. P., Siregar, F., Syahrani, L., Maharani, A., & Agustina, D. (2025). Inovasi Manajemen Organisasi Kesehatan dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Layanan di Era Digital. Jurnal Kesehatan Amanah, 9(2), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.57214/jka.v9i2.974
Atiyah, Y., & Wibowo, E. K. (2023). Penerapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Pada Pegawai Saat Pandemi Covid-19 di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita. Jurnal Sumber Daya Aparatur, 5(2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.32834/jsda.v5i2.652
Ayuningtiyas, V., Wijaya, C., Liestiawati, F. I. D., Yuniartika, W., & Utami, D. S. (2023). Communication in a Medical Emergency: The Influence of Intergroup Communication on Frontline Healthcare Workers’ Mental Health. Paragraphs Communication Update, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.59260/pcommu.2023.85952526
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Benner, P. (1984). From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Addison-Wesley.
Bhati, K., & Sethy, T. P. (2022). Self-Efficacy: Theory to Educational Practice. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 10(1).
Biantara, I., & Mulyanti, D. (2023). Strategi Manajemen Informasi Layanan Kesehatan di Rumah Sakit. 2(1), 10–18.
Dalim, M. (2024). The Influence of Communication Strategy on User Satisfaction at the Medan State Polytechnic Library. International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies, 3(4), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i4.80
Decker, K., & Decker, B. (2023). Communicating a Corporate Vision to Your Team. Harvard Business Review.
Desmond, C. (2023). Project management. In IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society Body of Knowledge (TEMSBOK). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119987635.ch11
Dianingsih, W. D., Purwadhi, & Widjaja, Y. R. (2026). Evaluasi Strategi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Tenaga Kesehatan Rumah Sakit Mutiara di Kota Sorong. Future Academia: The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research on Scientific and Advanced, 4(1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.61579/future.v4i1.726
Dian, W. (2023). The Influence of Doctor-Patient Communication and Patient Trust on Inpatient Occupancy Rate with Word of Mouth as an Intervening Variable. Jurnal Cinta Nusantara, 1.
Epstein, R. M., & Jr., R. L. S. (2011). The Values and Value of Patient-Centered Care. Annals of Family Medicine, 9(2), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1239
Febres-Ramos, R. J., & Mercado-Rey, M. R. (2020). Patient satisfaction and quality of care of the internal medicine service of hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión. Huancayo-Perú. Revista de La Facultad de Medicina Humana, 20(3), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.25176/RFMH.v20i3.3123
Fitriah, Z. (2023). The Influence of Effective Communication, Patient Experience on Patient Loyalty Mediated By Trust. Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 2(9), 2674–2685. https://doi.org/10.58344/jmi.v2i9.532
Flores, Y., & Winegar, R. (2026). Improving Patient Appointment Adherence With an Enhanced Appointment Reminder System. Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice.
Gao, Q., Zhang, B., Zhou, Q., Lei, C., Wei, X., & Shi, Y. (2024). The impact of provider-patient communication skills on primary healthcare quality and patient satisfaction in rural China: insights from a standardized patient study. BMC Health Services Research, 24, 579. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11020-0
Gavurova, B., Dvorsky, J., & Popesko, B. (2021). Patient satisfaction determinants of inpatient healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111337
Ghosh, T. (2026). Retail Marketing Management. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510x261424365
Ghozali, I. (2021). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 26 (10th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro
Gunawan, & Ul Hasanah, N. (2024). Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan Dan Kompetensi Pegawai Dalam Meningkatkan Pelayanan Di RSAU dr. Norman T. Lubis Lanud Sulaiman. Manajemen: Jurnal Ekonomi, 6(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.36985/yfxfdr55
Hargie, O. (2011). Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice (5th ed.). Routledge. https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/skilled-interpersonal-communication-research-theory-and-practice-5/
Hasanah, U. H., & Putra, R. P. A. (2024). Analisis Kompetensi Petugas Rekam Medis dalam Pencapaian Kinerja di Puskesmas Kota Bima. J-REMI: Jurnal Rekam Medik Dan Informasi Kesehatan, 5(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.25047/j-remi.v5i2.4264
Heskett, J. L., Jones, T. O., Loveman, G. W., Jr., W. E. S., & Schlesinger, L. A. (2008). Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work. Harvard Business Review.
Hidayah, N., Dewi, A., & Rakasiwi, G. P. (2022). Peran Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Pelayanan Pada Klinik Pratama. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Program Pengabdian Masyarakat. https://doi.org/10.18196/ppm.43.698
Hiranrat, C., Harncharnchai, A., & Duangjan, C. (2021). Theory of Planned Behavior and the Influence of Communication Self-Efficacy on Intention to Pursue a Software Development Career. Journal of Information Systems Education, 32(1), 40–52.
Indonesia, K. K. R. (2025). Sistem Informasi Rumah Sakit (SIRS). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Jatmika, M. R., & Abdurrahman, A. (2023). The Influence Of Service Quality Dimensions On Customer Loyalty With Customer Satisfaction As An Intervening Variable. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 4(4), 1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i4.884
Kartianah, E. M., Adam, M., & Zunaidah, Z. (2024). The Influence of Interpersonal Communication and Supervision on Nursing Performance and Motivation as Intervening Variables in the Inpatient Installation of Sekayu Hospital. International Journal of Health Engineering and Technology, 2(5), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhet.v2i5.186
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing Management (15th ed.). Pearson. https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/Kotler-Marketing-Management-15th-Edition/P200000007478?view=educator
Kulińska, J., Rypicz, Ł., & Zatońska, K. (2022). The Impact of Effective Communication on Perceptions of Patient Safety—A Prospective Study in Selected Polish Hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159174
Kusumaningrum, G., Lutfillah, N. Q., & Handayani, E. (2022). Praktik Audit Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Rumah Sakit. 3, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.46821/equity.v3i1.274
Kyambille, G. G., & Kalegele, K. (2016). Enhancing patient appointments scheduling that uses mobile technology. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1602.03337.
Lestari, N. P., Ramadhani, I., NurCita, B., & Kristanti, M. (2024). The Influence of the Use of Electronic Medical Record Systems on Effective Doctor-Patient Communication Relationships in the Outpatient Clinic. JMMR (Jurnal Medicoeticolegal Dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit), 13(2), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmmr.v13i2.134
Liu, D., Gong, C., Zhang, S., & Ma, Y. (2022). The influence of firm’s feedbacks on user-generated content’s linguistic style matching—An explanation based on communication accommodation theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.949968
Liu, S., Li, G., Liu, N., & Wang, H. (2021). The Impact of Patient Satisfaction on Patient Loyalty with the Mediating Effect of Patient Trust. Inquiry, 58. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580211007221
Liu, X., Zeng, J., Li, L., Wang, Q., Chen, J., & Ding, L. (2024). The Influence of Doctor-Patient Communication on Patients’ Trust: The Role of Patient-Physician Consistency and Perceived Threat of Disease. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 2727–2737. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S460689
López Hernández, M., Puig-Llobet, M., Higon Fernández, S., Franco Freirut, M., Moreno Mateos, Y., & Galimany Masclans, J. (2025). Patient Satisfaction With the Level of Competence of the Triage Nurse in Hospital Emergency Departments. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 34(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17605
Lo, L., Rotteau, L., & Shojania, K. (2021). Can SBAR be implemented with high fidelity and does it improve communication between healthcare workers? A systematic review. BMJ Open, 11(12), e055247. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055247
Maharani, L., & Aisah, S. (2024). Peran Sistem Informasi Manajemen Dalam Meningkatkan Efisiensi Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Sistem Informasi, Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 4(2), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.54951/sintama.v4i2.643
Mahmoud, M. S. (2023). The Influence of Communication Satisfaction and Employee Satisfaction on Customers of Virtual E-Organizations. 156–164. https://doi.org/10.46254/na07.20220056
Margata, L. (2021). Pelatihan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) dalam Peningkatan Mutu Layanan di Rumah Sakit Umum Granmed Lubuk Pakam. 1(3), 68–71.
Miller, G. R., & Steinberg, M. (1975). Between People: A New Analysis of Interpersonal Communication. Science Research Associates. https://books.google.com/books?id=si0gouGkvKUC
Mu, A., Sari, tiah, Inayah Rauf, N., Studi Administrasi Rumah Sakit, P., & Tri Tunas Nasional, I. (2025). Sahabat Sosial Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Implementasi Teknologi Informasi Dalam Sistem Perencanaan Rumah Sakit Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan (Vol. 3, Number 4).
Niken Resnu Aprilia, & Fitria Ridhaningsih. (2025). The Influence of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty Mediated by Customer Satisfaction at Bening’s Clinic Padang Beauty Clinic. International Journal of Economics and Management Research, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.55606/ijemr.v4i1.312
Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. McGraw-Hill.
Pahira, S. H., & Rinaldy, R. (2023). Pentingnya Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (MSDM) Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Organisasi. COMSERVA : Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 3(02). https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v3i03.882
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12–40. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571135649945711488
Permata, C. D. (2024). The Influence of Communication, Work Environment, and Motivation on Employee Morale (Case Study: PT. Pegadaian Regional Office I Medan). Jurnal Administrare: Jurnal Pemikiran Ilmiah Dan Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran, 14(1), 171–182.
Potts, L., Ryan, C., Diegel-Vacek, L., & Murchek, A. (2018). Improving Patient Flow From the Emergency Department Utilizing a Standardized Electronic Nursing Handoff Process. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 48(9), 432–436. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000645
Prabawa, I. N. A., Widyantara, I. M. O., & Sudarma, M. (2022). Evaluasi SIMRS Pada Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Dengan Framework COBIT 5. 9(3). https://doi.org/10.25126/jtiik.2022934749
Pratiwi, H. R., & Nyorong, M. (2022). Analisis Proses Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia di Rumah Sakit Umum Mitra Medika Bandar Klippa. 8(2), 1243–1251.
Primantoko, R. A., Rahayu, S., & Fitrianty, R. (2023). The Influence Of Communication, Confidence And Appearance On Service User Satisfaction At The Bangkalan Tax Service Office. Neo Journal of Economy and Social Humanities, 2(2), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.56403/nejesh.v2i2.107
Putra, Y. M., Narti, S., & Octaviani, V. (2024). The influence of nurse’s interpersonal communication on the level of BPJS Patient’s Satisfaction In Gading Medika Hospital Of Bengkulu. 1(1), 129–134.
Ramdani, D., Kosasih, C. E., & Emaliyawati, E. (2025). Response Time and Influencing Factors Among Emergency Nurses in Indonesian Hospital: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 18, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S498227
Ratna Sari, D., Kartikasari, D., & Herya Ulfah, N. (2021). Impact of Effective Communication on the Quality of Excellent Service and Patient Satisfaction in the Outpatient Department. KnE Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v0i0.8883
Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2018). Management (14th ed.). Pearson. https://search.worldcat.org/title/Management/oclc/1011496881
Rothwell, J. D. (2013). In Mixed Company: Communicating in Small Groups and Teams (8th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning. https://class.unt.edu/communication/publications/mixed-company-communicating-small-groups-and-teams-8th-edition.html
Salaam, N. A., & Mulyadi. (2024). Pengaruh Sistem Informasi Manajemen Rumah Sakit dan Lingkungan Fisik Terhadap Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia dan Kualitas Pelayanan Pada RSIA XYZ. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(6), 3536–3550.
Sari, N. N., Agatha, A., & Kurniasari, S. (2022). Nurse Caring Behavior in Increasing Patient Satisfaction. Jurnal Keperawatan, 14(S1), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.32583/keperawatan.v14iS1.150
Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books. https://search.worldcat.org/title/174521505
Sharkiya, S. H. (2023). Quality communication can improve patient-centred health outcomes among older patients: a rapid review. BMC Health Services Research, 23, 886. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09869-8
Solikhah, M. (2023). Analysis Of The Influence Of Work Stress On Employee Performance With Job Satisfaction As An Intervening Variable. Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management, 3(02), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.59141/jrssem.v3i02.550
Soola, A. H., Mehri, S., & Azizpour, I. (2022). Evaluation of the factors affecting triage decision-making among emergency department nurses and emergency medical technicians in Iran: a study based on Benner’s theory. BMC Emergency Medicine, 22, 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-022-00729-y
Su, F., Wang, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, P. J., & Chang, X. (2022). The Influence of Stereotypes on Trust in Doctors from Patients’ Perspective: The Mediating Role of Communication. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 3663–3671. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S389202
Subang, R. S. P. V. (2025). Profile Data of PTPN VIII Subang Hospital. In RS PTPN VIII Subang. RS PTPN VIII Subang.
Sureshchandar, G. S., Rajendran, C., & Anantharaman, R. N. (2002). The relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction – a factor specific approach. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(4), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040210433248
Surya, D., Porbo, J., & Elfitria, A. (2026). Aplikasi SPSS Dalam Analisis Multivariates. LPPM Universitas Bung Hatta
Toreh, C., & Wuisan, D. S. S. (2024). Influence of Service Quality, Brand Image, and Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Loyalty of Urology Patient At Siloam Hospital Manado in 2023. JMBI UNSRAT, 11(1), 505–522. https://doi.org/10.35794/jmbi.v11i1.53784
Wahdah, V. N., Intiasari, A. D., & Mulyanto, J. (2025). Evaluation of HRM Strategies to Enhance Nurse Performance at RSU Muhammadiyah Cirebon. Buletin Poltanesa, 26(1), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.51967/tanesa.v26i1.3349
Wang, Y., Donovan, H. A. S., Hassan, S., & Alikhani, M. (2023). MedNgage: A Dataset for Understanding Engagement in Patient-Nurse Conversations. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, 4613–4630. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.282
Watson, T. (2024). The reflective practitioner. In Contemporary Issues in Music Therapy Training (pp. 123–138). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003517962-8
Wiryansyah, O. A., & Yusrina. (2024). Hubungan Waktu Tunggu Rawat Inap dari Instalasi Gawat Darurat Dengan Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Di Rumah Sakit Pelabuhan Palembang Tahun 2024. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, 5(2).
Wening Palupi Dewi, Yuly Peristiowati, Nurwijayanti, Ratna Wardani, & Indasah. (2022). Determinants of Satisfaction of Inpatients in Hospitals. Journal for Quality in Public Health, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v5i2.332
Wu, D. C., Zhao, X., & Wu, J. (2023). Online Physician-Patient Interaction and Patient Satisfaction: Empirical Study of the Internet Hospital Service. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25. https://doi.org/10.2196/39089
Wulandari. (2023). Beberapa Aspek Dimensi Budaya Keselamatan Pasien Hubungannya Dengan Budaya Lapor : Studi Kasus Di RSUD Kabupaten Semarang. Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Indonesia, 11(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmki.11.1.2023.91-98
Wulandari, Y., Utami, R. S., & Prasetyo. (2020). Hubungan Waktu Tunggu Rawat Inap dari Unit Gawat Darurat dengan Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Rumah Sakit Awal Bros Batam Tahun 2019. Journal of Hospital Administration and Management, 1(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.54973/jham.v1i1.53
Xu, Y., Zhang, J., & Deng, G. (2022). Enhancing customer satisfaction with chatbots: The influence of communication styles and consumer attachment anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.902782
Zakaria, M., Mazumder, S., Faisal, H. M., Zannat, R., Haque, M. R., Afrin, T., Cheng, F., & Xu, J. (2024). Physician Communication Behaviors on Patient Satisfaction in Primary Care Medical Settings in Bangladesh. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 15, 21501319241277396. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319241277396
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gideon Setiawan, Taufik Zulfikar, Rukhiyat Syahidin, Ayu Laili Rahmiyati, Vip Paramarta

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.



