AI Self-Efficacy and Transformational Leadership on Innovative Work Behavior: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement Among Jakarta Hotel Employees
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59261/bustechno.v7i5.844Keywords:
AI Self-Efficacy, Hospitality Industry, Innovative Work Behavior, Transformational Leadership, Work EngagementAbstract
Background: Amid ongoing technological change, the hospitality sector relies more on the innovative work behavior (IWB) of its employees to stay competitive; nevertheless, how AI self-efficacy, transformational leadership, and work engagement together drive innovation in this field remains scarcely documented.
Objective: Drawing on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework, this research investigates how AI self-efficacy and transformational leadership influence IWB among staff of four- and five-star hotels in Jakarta, treating work engagement as the mediating variable.
Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey gathered responses from 180 hotel employees recruited via non-probability snowball sampling. The data were obtained through an online questionnaire and examined with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS.
Results: AI self-efficacy exerted significant positive influences on both IWB and work engagement, whereas transformational leadership shaped work engagement significantly yet showed no significant direct influence on IWB. Work engagement was a significant predictor of IWB and partially carried the AI self-efficacy-IWB link, while it fully carried the transformational leadership-IWB link.
Conclusion: The results show that personal and job resources reach employee innovation along distinct routes. AI self-efficacy contributes that is at once direct and indirect by way of work engagement, while transformational leadership operates mainly through engagement. To foster innovative work behavior, hotel management is advised to combine the cultivation of AI capability, the practice of transformational leadership, and initiatives that build employee engagement.
References
Abun, D., Macaspact, L. G. R., Valdez, E. B., & Julian, F. P. (2023). The effect of innovative work environment on the innovative work behavior of employees. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i3.2467
Afsar, B., & Badir, Y. (2016). The mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relationship between person-organization fit and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, 7(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-11-2015-0016
Agarwal, U. A., Datta, S., Blake-Beard, S., & Bhargava, S. (2012). Linking LMX, innovative work behaviour and turnover intentions: The mediating role of work engagement. Career Development International, 17(3), 208–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211241063
Al-Ghazali, B. M., & Afsar, B. (2021). Investigating the mechanism linking task conflict with employees’ innovative work behavior. International Journal of Conflict Management, 32(4), 599–625. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-07-2020-0119
Ali, H., Li, M., & Qiu, X. (2022). Employee engagement and innovative work behavior among Chinese millennials: Mediating and moderating role of work-life balance and psychological empowerment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942580
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2010). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Mind Garden.
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. L. (2018). Work engagement: Current trends. Career Development International, 23, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207
Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Kjellevold Olsen, O., & Espevik, R. (2023). Daily transformational leadership: A source of inspiration for follower performance? European Management Journal, 41(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.04.004
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. International Journal of Public Administration, 17, 541–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524907
Bednall, T. C., Rafferty, A. E., Shipton, H., Sanders, K., & Jackson, C. J. (2018). Innovative behaviour: How much transformational leadership do you need? British Journal of Management, 29(4), 796–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12275
Begum, S., Xia, E., Mehmood, K., Iftikhar, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). The impact of CEOs’ transformational leadership on sustainable organizational innovation in SMEs. Sustainability, 12(20), 8620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208620
Bergdahl, N. (2022). Engagement and disengagement in online learning. Computers and Education, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104561
Bewersdorff, A., Hornberger, M., Nerdel, C., & Schiff, D. S. (2025). AI advocates and cautious critics: How AI attitudes, AI interest, use of AI, and AI literacy build university students’ AI self-efficacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100340
Bhattacharjee, A., & Sarkar, A. (2023). High-performance work systems and employees’ innovative work behaviour: An empirical investigation based on job demands-resources (JD-R) theory. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509221145414
Breier, M., Kallmuenzer, A., Clauss, T., Gast, J., Kraus, S., & Tiberius, V. (2021). The role of business model innovation in the hospitality industry during the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102723
Byung-Jik, K., Min-Jik, K., & Julak, L. (2024). The impact of an unstable job on mental health: The critical role of self-efficacy in artificial intelligence use. Current Psychology, 43(18), 16445–16462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05595-w
Chen, L., Li, M., Wu, Y. J., & Chen, C. (2020). The voicer’s reactions to voice: An examination of employee voice on perceived organizational status and subsequent innovative behavior in the workplace. Personnel Review, 50(4), 1073–1092. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2019-0399
Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.2307/249688
Decuypere, A., & Schaufeli, W. (2021). Exploring the leadership-engagement nexus: A moderated meta-analysis and review of explaining mechanisms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168592
Deepak, & Bhagat, H. (2025). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Innovative Work Behaviour: A Literature Review. Sachetas, 4(3), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.55955/430009
Demerouti, E., & Sanz Vergel, A. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Djamaludin, D. (2013). Faktor Internal Pertumbuhan Industri Perhotelan serta Implikasinya terhadap PAD, Lapangan Kerja dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Ekonomi, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.37721/je.v15i2.235
Dogru, T., McGinley, S., & Kim, W. G. (2020). The effect of hotel investments on employment in the tourism, leisure and hospitality industries. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(5), 1941–1965. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2019-0913
Dong, X., Jiang, L., Li, W., Chen, C., Gan, Y., & Xia, J. (2025). Let’s talk about AI: Talking about AI is positively associated with AI crafting. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 42, 1453–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-024-09975-z
Eliyana, A., & Christiananta, B. (2020). Enhancing innovative work behavior in the hospitality industry: Empirical research from East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Business and Society, 21(1), 96–110. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3229.2020
Fung So, K. K., & Li, X. (2023). Service innovation and emerging technologies in tourism and hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 64(2), 140–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/19389655231166819
Gao, R., Murphy, W. H., & Anderson, R. E. (2020). Transformational leadership effects on salespeople’s attitudes, striving, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 110, 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.023
Garg, S., & Dhar, R. (2017). Employee service innovative behavior: The roles of leader-member exchange (LMX), work engagement, and job autonomy. International Journal of Manpower, 38(2), 242–258. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2015-0060
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2022). Multivariate Data Analysis. In Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Multivariate_Data_Analysis.html?hl=id&id=PONXEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Hong, J. W. (2022). I was born to love AI: The influence of social status on AI self-efficacy and intentions to use AI. International Journal of Communication, 16, 172–191.
Hyunsu, K., Fung So, K. K., Shin, S., & Li, J. (2025). Artificial intelligence in hospitality and tourism: Insights from industry practices, research literature, and expert opinions. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 49(2), 366–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480241229235
Indriyani, R., & Latif, N. (2022). Peran creative self-efficacy memediasi antara entrepreneurial leadership dan innovative work behavior. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi-Manajemen-Akuntansi, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.30742/equilibrium.v18i1.1966
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2018). Improving frontline service employees’ innovative behavior using conflict management in the hospitality industry: The mediating role of engagement. Tourism Management, 69, 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.06.035
Jung, K. B., Kang, S.-W., & Choi, S. B. (2022). Paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative task via creative self-efficacy. Behavioral Sciences, 12(10), 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100377
Junker, T. L., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D., & Pletzer, J. L. (2025). Work Engagement in Agile Teams: Extending Multilevel JD-R Theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 46(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2860
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kandampully, J., Bilgihan, A., Van Riel, A. C. R., & Sharma, A. (2023). Toward holistic experience-oriented service innovation: Co-creating sustainable value with customers and society. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 64(2), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/19389655221108334
Keane, A., Kwon, K., & Kim, J. (2024). An integrative literature review of person-environment fit and employee engagement. Journal of Management and Organization, 30(6). https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2023.71
Kim, B. J., & Lee, J. (2024). The mental health implications of artificial intelligence adoption: The crucial role of self-efficacy. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04018-w
Kim, H., & Shim, D. C. (2026). Unveiling the Link between Organizational Politics and Innovative Work Behavior: Evidence from Local Civil Servants in South Korea. Public Personnel Management, 55(1), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260251345970
Kim, J. Y., & Yoon, D. Y. (2025). How transformational leadership of managers affects employee innovative behavior in IT corporations. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1565307
Kong, X., Yuan, W., & Ma, C. (2025). Service robots, artificial intelligence awareness, self-efficacy and work engagement. Management Decision, 64(5), 1960–1977. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2024-1058
Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704
Lasisi, T. T., Enea, C., Eluwole, K. K., & Egeli, S. (2024). A parallel mediation study of hospitality employee’s innovative work behavior and proactivity using self-determination theory. Sage Open, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251933
Lestari, N. S., Zainal, V. R., Chan, S., & Nawangsari, L. C. (2023). Turnover Intention in the Hotel Industry: The Employees’ Perceptions. Jurnal REKSA: Rekayasa Keuangan, Syariah Dan Audit, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.12928/jreksa.v10i1.7689
Li, X., Gong, Z., Choi, H., & Kang, S.-W. (2026). AI self-efficacy and innovative work behavior in hospitality and tourism: A job demands-resources perspective on work engagement and schedule I-deals. Behavioral Sciences, 16(3), 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030431
Li, Z., Choi, M.-C., & Kim, H.-E. (2025). AI awareness and employee innovation: A dual-pathway moderated mediation model within organizational systems. Systems, 13(7), 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070530
López-Naranjo, A. L., Puente-Riofrio, M. I., Carrasco-Salazar, V. A., Erazo-Rodríguez, J. D., & Buñay-Guisñan, P. A. (2025). Artificial intelligence in the tourism business: A systematic review. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1599391
Martínez-Ros, E., & Orfila-Sintes, F. (2012). Training plans, manager’s characteristics and innovation in the accommodation industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.004
Mazzetti, G., Robledo, E., Vignoli, M., Topa, G., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2023). Work engagement: A meta-analysis using the job demands-resources model. Psychological Reports, 126(3), 1069–1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211051988
Melean Romero, R. A., Manosalvas Vaca, C. A., Guerrero Bejarano, M. A., Hermenegildo, A. M., & De la TORRE TEJADA, J. A. (2023). Leadership Styles In Ecuadorian Companies: Application Of The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Business: Theory and Practice, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2023.18987
Morales-García, W. C., Sairitupa-Sanchez, L. Z., Morales-García, S. B., & Morales-García, M. (2024). Adaptation and psychometric properties of a brief version of the general self-efficacy scale for use with artificial intelligence (GSE-6AI) among university students. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1293437
Moving Science Forward. (2022). In Electrochemical Society Interface (Vol. 31, Number 2, p. 3). Institute of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.20222IF
Näppä, A., Styvén, M. E., & Robertson, J. (2025). Employment in the tourism and hospitality industry: Toward a unified value proposition. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2024.2405804
Ngo, X. T., Le, H. A., & Doan, T. K. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership style and employee creativity on organizational innovation in universities during the covid-19 pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.18488/73.v10i1.2234
Nicolau, J. L., & Santa-María, M. J. (2013). The effect of innovation on hotel market value. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.005
Ostrom, A. L., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Burkhard, K. A., Goul, M., Smith-Daniels, V., Demirkan, H., & Rabinovich, E. (2010). Moving forward and making a difference: Research priorities for the science of service. Journal of Service Research, 13(1), 4–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670509357611
Parker, S. K., & Grote, G. (2022). Automation, algorithms, and beyond: Why work design matters more than ever in a digital world. Applied Psychology, 71(4), 1171–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12241
Park, J., & Min, H. K. (2020). Turnover intention in the hospitality industry: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102599
Pletzer, J. L., Breevaart, K., & Bakker, A. B. (2024). Constructive and destructive leadership in job demands-resources theory: A meta-analytic test of the motivational and health-impairment pathways. Organizational Psychology Review, 14(1), 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866231197519
Prabowo, R. (2025). Kontribusi Industri terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Nasional. Factory Jurnal Industri, Manajemen Dan Rekayasa Sistem Industri, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.56211/factory.v3i2.731
Puni, A., Hilton, S. K., Mohammed, I., & Korankye, E. S. (2022). The mediating role of innovative climate on the relationship between transformational leadership and firm performance in developing countries. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(3), 404–421. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2020-0443
Qandeel, M. S., & Kuráth, G. (2025). A systematic review and meta-analysis: leadership and interactional justice. Management Review Quarterly, 75(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00384-y
Rick, V. B., Stebner, M., Dräger, L., Franken, A., Mertens, A., & Nitsch, V. (2024). Effects of AI-based technologies on employees’ work engagement: Implications for the human-centered design of digital work. Zeitschrift Für Arbeitswissenschaft, 78(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41449-024-00438-1
Sabuhari, R., Soleman, R., Soleman, M. M., Fahri, J., & Rachmat, M. (2025). Organisational justice moderates the link between leadership, work engagement and innovation work behaviour. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v28i1.6136
Sari, D. K., Yudiarso, A., & Sinambela, F. C. (2021). Work engagement and innovative work behavior: Meta-analysis study. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210423.053
Sasmitha, F. J. L., Sobandi, A., Suryadi, E., & Rofaida, R. (2026). Transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: Unveiling the mediating roles of job satisfaction and employee engagement. Journal Evaluation in Education, 7(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.37251/jee.v7i1.2302
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2017). An ultra-short measure for work engagement. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
Shipton, H., Kougiannou, N., Do, H., Minbashian, A., Pautz, N., & King, D. (2024). Organisational voice and employee-focused voice: Two distinct voice forms and their effects on burnout and innovative behavior. Human Resource Management Journal, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12518
Shuck, B. (2011). Integrative literature review: Four emerging perspectives of employee engagement. Human Resource Development Review, 10(3), 304–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484311410840
Stanescu, D. F., Zbuchea, A., & Pinzaru, F. (2020). Transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Kybernetes, 50(5), 1041–1057. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2019-0491
Statistik, B. P. (2025). Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2025. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta.
Sugiyono. (2023). Sugiyono Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, kuantitatif. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif.
Sugiyono, S., & Lestari, P. (2021). Metode penelitian komunikasi (Kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan cara mudah menulis artikel pada jurnal internasional). Alfabeta.
Suifan, T. S., Abdallah, A. B., & Al Janini, M. (2018). The impact of transformational leadership on employees’ creativity. Management Research Review, 41(1), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2017-0032
Suprapto, W., Williamsto, A. P., & Palumian, Y. (2024). Innovative work behavior in hospitality industry: The role of psychological empowerment and work engagement. Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen, 10, 1–11.
TeIxeira, P. M. R., & Santos, F. C. A. (2024). Work engagement measures: A systematic literature review. Universitas Psychologica, 23. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy23.wems
Teng, C.-C., Hu, C.-M., & Chang, J.-H. (2020). Triggering creative self-efficacy to increase employee innovation behavior in the hospitality workplace. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(4), 912–925. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.419
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.011
Uppathampracha, R., & Liu, G. (2022). Leading for innovation: Self-efficacy and work engagement as sequential mediation relating ethical leadership and innovative work behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 12(8), 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12080266
Vu, G. T. H., Nguyen, T. D., & Le, T. P. (2025). Transformational leadership and innovative work behaviors: The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and work engagement. SAGE Open, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251335464
Wahab, A., Anwar, M., & Yasrie, A. (2018). Kepuasan kerja memediasi motivasi dan kecerdasan emosional terhadap kinerja dosen. Dinamika Ekonomi Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 11(2).
Wang, B., Liu, S., & Luo, C. (2026). How does human-AI collaboration task complexity affect employee work engagement? The roles of humble leadership and AI self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 17, 1767967. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1767967
Wang, Y.-Y., & Chuang, Y.-W. (2024). Artificial intelligence self-efficacy: Scale development and validation. Education and Information Technologies, 29(4), 4785–4808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12015-w
Wan, X., He, R., Zhang, G., & Zhou, J. (2022). Employee engagement and open service innovation: The roles of creative self-efficacy and employee innovative behaviour. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921687
Widyanty, W., Oktasari, D. P., Riyanto, S., Nusraningrum, D., Damayanti, S., Sumaedi, S., Bakti, I. G. M. Y., Dinaseviani, A., Prasetya, P., Fahlevi, M., & Yaman, A. (2025). Green innovative work behaviour model on generation z employees in the manufacturing industry: An empirical evidence from Indonesia. Sustainable Futures, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100765
Zhang, S., Ke, X., Wang, X.-H., & Liu, J. (2018). Empowering leadership and employee creativity: A dual-mechanism perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(4), 896–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12219
Zhang, S., Ke, X., Wang, X. H., & Liu, J. (2026). Reflective commentary on empowering leadership and employee creativity: A dual-mechanism perspective. In Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 99, Number 2). https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.70122
Zhu, J., Tang, W., Zhang, B., & Wang, H. (2022). Influence of environmentally specific transformational leadership on employees’ green innovation behavior. Sustainability, 14(3), 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031828
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Berlian Anggita Putri Trisno, Medina Nilasari, Dita Oki Berliyanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
